德國P+F倍加福超聲波對射式傳感器詳情說明：

TDA2030功率放大器即產生交流激磁功率電源,，通過能源環(huán)形變壓器T1從靜止的初級線圈傳遞至旋轉的次級線圈,，得到的交流電源通過軸上的整流濾波電路得到±5V的直流電源，該電源做運算放大器AD822的工作電源,；由基準電源AD589與雙運放AD822組成的高精度穩(wěn)壓電源產生±4.5V的精密直流電源,，該電源既作為電橋電源，又作為放大器及V/F轉換器的工作電源,。當彈性軸受扭時，應變橋檢測得到的mV級的應變信號通過儀表放大器AD620放大成1.5v±1v的強信號,，再通過V/F轉換器LM131變換成頻率信號，通過信號環(huán)形變壓器T2從旋轉的初級線圈傳遞至靜止次級線圈,，再經過外殼上的信號電路濾波,、整形即可得到與彈性軸承受的扭矩成正比的頻率信號，該信號為TTL電平,，既可提供給二次儀表或頻率計顯示也可直接送計算機,。由于該旋轉變壓器動--靜環(huán)之間只有零點幾毫米的間隙,，加之感應器軸上部分都密封在金屬外殼之內,，形成有效的屏蔽,，因此很強的抗干擾能力。
倍加福超聲波對射式傳感器把某種形式的能量轉換成另種形式的能量,。有兩類：有源的和無源的。有源感應器能將種能量形式直接轉變成另種,，不需要外接的能源或激勵源,。
無源感應器不能直接轉換能量形式，但它能控制從另輸入端輸入的能量或激勵能,，感應器承擔將某個對象或過程的特定特性轉換成數量的工作。其“對象”可以是固體,、液體或氣體,，而它們的狀態(tài)可以是靜態(tài)的，也可以是動態(tài)(即過程)的。對象特性被轉換量化后可以通過多種方式檢測,。對象的特性可以是物理性質的,，也可以是化學性質的,。按照其工作原理,，它將對象特性或狀態(tài)參數轉換成可測定的電學量,，然后將此電信號分離出來，送入感應器系統(tǒng)加以評測或標示,。
其zui簡單的形式是,，傳感器作為個模擬換能器,，直接返回個電壓,。在已知磁場下，其距霍爾盤的距離是可以被設定的,。使用多組傳感器,，磁鐵的相關位置可被推斷出。
通過導體的電流會產生個隨電流變化的磁場,，并且霍爾效應傳感器可以在不干擾電流情況下而測量電流,。典型的為,，將其和繞組磁芯或在被測導體旁的永磁體合成體。
通常,，霍爾效應傳感器和電路相連,，從而允許設備以數字（開/關）模式操作,，在這種情況下可以被稱為開關[5]。工業(yè)中常見的設備,，例如氣缸，也被用于日常設備中,；如些打印機使用他們來監(jiān)測缺紙和敞蓋的情況,。當鍵盤被要求高性時,，也被應用于鍵盤中。
霍爾效應傳感器通常被用于計量車輪和軸的速度,，例如在內燃機點火定時（正時）或轉速表上。其在無刷直流電動機的使用,，用來檢測永磁鐵的位置,。圖示中的輪子,，帶有兩個等距的磁鐵,，傳感器上的電壓在個周期內將兩次達到峰值,。此設置通常被用來校準磁盤驅動的速率,。

德國P+F倍加福超聲波對射式傳感器
UBE1000-18GM40-SE2-V1 Through-beam ultrasonic barrier     Single head system, Short design, 40 mm, Function indicators visible from all directions, Switch output, Series: -18GM, Housing diameter: 18 mm, Housing: brass, nickel-plated, Output type: PNP, NO, Sensing range: 15 ... 1000 mm, Connection type: Connector M12 x 1 , 4-pin
UBE1000-18GM40A-SE2-V1 Through-beam ultrasonic barrier     Single head system, Short design, 40 mm, Function indicators visible from all directions, Switch output, Series: -18GM, Housing diameter: 18 mm, Housing: brass, nickel-plated, Output type: PNP, NO, Sensing range: 15 ... 1000 mm, Connection type: Connector M12 x 1 , 4-pin
UBE1000-18GM40A-SE2-V1-Y205349 Through-beam ultrasonic barrier     Single head system, Short design, 40 mm, Function indicators visible from all directions, Switch output, Series: -18GM, Housing diameter: 18 mm, Housing: brass, nickel-plated, Output type: PNP, NO, Sensing range: 15 ... 1000 mm, Connection type: Connector M12 x 1 , 4-pin
UBE15M-H1 Ultrasonic sensor, transmitter     Multi-head system, Large sensing range, Large possible lateral distance between emitter and receiver, One or two transducers connectable, Sensing range: 0 ... 15000 mm , emitter - receiver synchronised
UBE4000-30GM-SA2-V15 Through-beam ultrasonic barrier     Reliable detection of transparent materials, High switching frequency, Adjustable sensitivity, Series: -30GM, Housing diameter: 40 mm, Housing: nickel plated brass; plastic components: PBT, Output type: 2 switch outputs PNP, normally open/closed (complementary), Sensing range: 0 ... 4000 mm , distance emitter-receiver 500 mm ... 4000 mm, Connection type: Connector M12 x 1 , 5-pin
UBE800-F77-SE2-V31 Through-beam ultrasonic barrier     Through-beam ultrasonic barrier, Miniature design, Highly visible LEDs for Power ON and switching state, High switching frequency, Series: -F77, Housing diameter: , Housing: Polycarbonate, Output type: 1 switch output PNP, NO, Sensing range: 0 ... 800 mm emitter/receiver spacing, Connection type: M8 x 1 connector , 4-pin
UBEC300-18GH40-SE2-V1 Through-beam ultrasonic barrier     Short design, 40 mm, Stainless steel housing, Chemical-resistant, Series: -18GM, Housing diameter: 18 mm, Housing: Stainless steel 1.4435 / AISI 316L O-ring for cover sealing: EPDM, Output type: PNP, NO, Sensing range: 100 ... 300 mm, Connection type: Connector M12 x 1 , 4-pin
UBE15M-F54-H1-V1 Ultrasonic sensor, transmitter     Multi-head system, Large sensing range, Large possible lateral distance between emitter and receiver, Separate evaluation, Series: -F54, Housing: PBT, Sensing range: 0 ... 15000 mm , emitter - receiver synchronised, Connection type: Connector M12 x 1 , 4-pin
UBE15M-F54-H2-V1 Ultrasonic sensor, receiver     Multi-head system, Large sensing range, Large possible lateral distance between emitter and receiver, Separate evaluation, Series: -F54, Housing: PBT, Output type: 1 pulse output for echo run time, open collector NPN, short-circuit proof 0 level (active): UOL ≤ 2 V, IOL ≤ 15 mA 1 level (inactive): UOH = UB (pull-up R = 330 kOhm), Sensing range: 0 ... 15000 mm , emitter - receiver synchronised, Connection type: Connector M12 x 1 , 4-pin
UBE500-18GM40A-E2-V1-Y220366 Ultrasonic sensor, receiver     Single head system, Short design, 40 mm, Function indicators visible from all directions, Switch output, Series: -18GM, Housing diameter: 18 mm, Housing: stainless steel V4A, Output type: PNP, NO, Sensing range: 100 ... 500 mm, Connection type: Connector M12 x 1 , 4-pin